- The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to
be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often
assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as
JavaScript.
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Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the
documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and
originally included cues for its appearance.
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The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first
mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements
comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these
were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.
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JavaScript , often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core
technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2023, 98.7% of websites use
JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior, often incorporating third-party
libraries. All major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on
users' devices.
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JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript
standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class
functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming
styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular
expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).
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JavaScript engines were originally used only in web browsers, but are now core components of
some servers and a variety of applications. The most popular runtime system for this usage is
Node.js.
- Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes
code readability with the use of significant indentation.
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Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms,
including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It
is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard
library.
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Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming
language and first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000.
Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with
earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.
